Quality of life Scenario Essay

PART ONE Medical-Surgical Cases2. What is the rationale for changing the method of administering furosemide? c M.G. is fl uid overloaded and needs to decrease fl uid volume in a short period. IV administration is delivered directly into the vascular system, where it can start to work immediately. In HF, blood fl ow to the entire GI system is compromised therefore the absorption of orally ingested medications may be variable and take longer to work.3. You administer furosemide 80 mg IVP. Identify three parameters you would use to monitor the effectiveness of this medication. k Daily weight I&O Decreased dependent edema Decreased SOB, rock-bottom crackles in the bases of the lungs, and possibly decreased O2 demands Decreased JVD4. What laboratory tests should be ordered for M.G. associate to (R/T) the order for furosemide? cFurosemide 80 mg is a impregnable diuretic, which may cause the loss of potassium and magnesium. These 2 electrolytes ar important in maintaining a stable heart rhythm. These electrolytes will need to be supplemented if the levels are low. Note Most HF admissions are R/T fl uid volume overload. Patients who do not require intensive care monitoring can most(prenominal) often be treated initially with IVP diuretics, O2, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.5. How do ACE inhibitors help in HF? kACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. This results in systemic vasodilation, thereby reducing preload (reducing the volume of blood entering the left ventricle) and afterload (reducing the resistance to the left ventricular contraction) in patients in HF. Instructor Note You could tell the students that the most frequent sideeffect of ACE inhibitors is a persistent, nonproductive cough. The intensity of the symptoms tends to be dose related the higher the dose, the more intense the cough. An important alternative medication is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), often ca lled an ACE without a cough. Mosby items and derived items 2009, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 3chapter 1 Cardiovascular Disorders Case Study 16. M.G.s symptoms improve with IV diuretics. She is ordered back on oral furosemide erstwhile her weight loss is deemed adequate to achieve a euvolemic state. What will determine if the oral dose will be adequate to consider her for discharge? k It is circumstantial to help the primary care provider assess whether the change from IV to oral diuretics can maintain a stable weight. One of the fl uid management goals for patients in HF is to maintain a target area weight. This is done by monitoring daily morning weight, keeping an accurate I&O, and recording subjective symptoms.7. M.G. is get up for discharge. What key management concepts should be taught to prevent relapse and another admission? Hint Use the mnemonic MAWDS. kThe most essential aspect of teaching hospitalized patients without overloading them is to ce rebrate on realistic key points. Teaching should be aimed at tips to improve symptoms and prevent readmission. The 5 most important concepts for patients with HF are included in MAWDS instructions.Medications Take as directed, do not skip a dose, and do not run out of medications. Activity Stay as active as you can while limiting your symptoms. Weight Weigh every morning. Call if you gain or lose 2 pounds overnight or 5 pounds from your target weight.Diet Follow a low-salt diet and limit fl uids to less than 2 quarts or liters per day. Symptoms Know what symptoms to report to your provider report early to prevent readmission.Mosby items and derived items 2009, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

How Can Respect Make Me A Better Student Essay

Students and teachers agree that there is often a lack of compliments between teachers and students, students and students, and teachers, students, and parents. Students report that measure in the classroom is vital for the success of each student. They say teachers need to be view by the students in order to effectively teach and students need to be respected by their teachers in order to learn. Respect being an important character trait, is most graciously valued. We all value respect, as to if there wasnt respect, ships company would be an ugly place. However, how can respect make a better student? Part of being regardful is to be courteous and kind. For students, examples could be wait your turn to speak or not cheating. During school, I try my outstrip to show how respectful I can be by respecting not just now my teachers, tho most importantly, my peers. First of all, in order to be a respectful student, you have to respect the teacher teaching you.Most teachers have d eceased through a long process of learning themselves in order to be up there at the front of the room teaching you. The best thing you could do in return could be to respect them and their time. Every day, theres a portion of time you have with every teacher. Of course, they would despise for you to waste their time. Not only are you jeopardizing your own opportunity to learn, but youre also jeopardizing your peers opportunities by being a distraction. Interrupting class time is highly disrespectful. The reason why youre in a teachers class is to basically learn. If you decide to disrupt their class, youre also disrupting the bond of respect that the teacher has towards you. Just think, how are you supposed to properly get an education if the teacher does not respect you? Second of all, another example of being respectful is respecting your peers. Its clearly disrespectful for you to put them down, call them names, and discourage them. Im sure you would like for them to respect yo u. If you give a certain respect, its automatic for them to respect you back. If we all respected each other, the school environment would be much more peaceful.For example, in the movie we watched in class, the leader of a military commission had trouble with the people she was with because they werent being respectful of each others ideas for an event the school was planning. She stated that the people in her committee wouldnt give others the chance to speak when they actually did get something across each others minds, someone would discourage their idea. With help from a radio station, she realized that if they didnt respect each others ideas and wait their turn to speak, nothing would get done. She then said that at the beginning of the succeeding(prenominal) meeting, she would make it clear that the golden rule would be intact. In class, being a respectful person toward a peer could be as open as not cheating. You have to respect the fact that that person did their work, an d should be honored for that.Outside of class, an example of a respectful student could be if youre walking down the hall and you bump into someone you particularly dont know too well, you would say excuse me as a press of respect towards them. If youre a respectful person inside and outside of school, Im pretty sure youd have a gross ton of friends and a lot of people lining up wanting to be your friend. Not only that, but being a respectful person gives make a great impression towards teachers. Lastly, another important concept of being respectable is having respect for yourself. If people see that you dont have respect for yourself, how are they supposed to give you respect? Yes, you might respect them, but if you look at the situation thoroughly, they cant possibly respect you cognise that you lack self-respect. The first step into realiseing other peoples respect is to basically have respect for yourself. When others notice that, theyll most definitely have no trouble in r especting you.Once you have self-respect, you have the ability to gain others respect as well. In conclusion, the question How can respect make me a better student? made me think of a myriad of real situations dealing with respect. Not only do you need to respect your elders, teachers, and other students, but you most importantly need to respect yourself. After thinking about that, I have concluded that being a respected student give take you places. How can you move on in life if youre not respected? Respect is a precious value. One can gain and lose respect in a blink of an eye, or in a simple snap of fingers- easy as that. Being on sneak of your work, kind and courteous to everyone, and having a good attitude at most times will have teachers thinking of you as a respected student. In addition, having teachersrespect is very blessing and most likely, a student would be entirely grateful.

Internationalisation and the European Nation State Essay

Question 1It is undeniable that the state of world personal business has dramatically evolved since the end of the Second World War. More specifically, the surge of development in IT has been the chief curtilage that our world has become less a mosaic of nation-states and more a melting pot of societies, cultures, and associations whereby nation-states be inevitably bound to trans- field phenomena. As Cox notes, globalisation generates a more complex multi- direct world policy-making organisation, which implicitly challenges the old Westphalian assumption that a state is a state is a state (Cox, in Pierson, p.181).This usage shall support this notion of globalization by highlighting two problems from Pierson, namely decreased anarchy in the global policy-making arena, and the influence of the global economy on nation-states. These issues will be defined and and so discussed in relation to Lindensjs conceptions of Realist res publica and Communitarian democracy respectively .Decreased anarchy refers to the marginalization of the autonomy of nation-states in the internationalistic order. The gro realizeg interdependence between nations across the globe has resulted in a redirection of respective national interests towards the sphere of global rather than domestic (Pierson 174). What this means for realist democracy is a skewed orientation of political candidates they become no longer dedicated to domestic issues but those of an international nature instead. The problem with this lies in the fact that the success of the Realist democratic concept (in Lindensjs view) is dependent upon the competition of political leaders to win approval (via votes) from the citizens.There is a problem if politicians win a seat in office with a platform claiming to be for the people, and then redirect their interests after election to the international sphere. The welfare of the citizens is left on the sidelines in place of external issues, and the fruits of Realist demo cracy are not enjoyed by the people who voted for it, thus the authenticity of the democratic process diminishes.This is especially a danger in realist democracy since representation by political actors replaces active participation by the citizens Realist democracy thus does not entail, cannot entail, governance by the people in a real sense. It can only entail the people having the possibility to accept or reject pretenders, i.e. elect those that govern (Lindensj 3). These elected representatives, are in turn subjected to a political framework where, international institutions, conventions and regimes result the extent to which inter-state relations can be conceived as genuinely and actively anarchic (Pierson 175). Thus, the validity of Realist democracy is compromised seeing as though anarchy is its cornerstone.Similarly, Communitarian democracy is also restricted by the over-arching nature of the international order. Lindensjs conception of Communitarian democracy requires nati ons to be able to pursue interests in a incarnate manner, with its citizens as an intrinsic part of the democracy (Lindensj 11). There is a great emphasis placed on compromise a sort of give and take to realize the maximum of individual ideals in a collective manner. This sort of idyllic outlook on forming a democratic partnership would be difficult to intrust even in the small, cohesive communities of Ancient Greece.The decreased anarchy of the international order today magnifies the worry of assimilating different people, groups, and ideas under a collective banner. To imagine what Lindensj refers to as a homelike conjunction seems like a far stretch seeing that an increasingly interdependent world melds such a sheer mass of different people, outlooks, and traditions. The scale of interdependency in todays world nearly certainly underpins the homelike values necessary for impelling Communitarian democracy especially where individuals interests are drawn impertinent the do mestic sphere.Perhaps the most influential factor working against the Westphalian concept of global politics is the nature of modern global marketplaces. Today, domestic economies cannot escape the forces of the international economy (Pierson 171). As Cox notes, economic globalization has placed constraints upon the autonomy of states and, increasingly, states must become the instruments for adjusting national economic activities to the exigencies of the global economy (Cox, in Pierson 179).This draw out makes a direct reference to a lessening of state autonomy due to global economies. For this reason, it is undefendable that Realist democracy is challenged by the worlds economy and market forces that compromise autonomy. The economic implications of globalization reverberate those associated with decreased anarchy for example, if economic reforms are made to comply with the international system, this results in states focusing on international economic policies over domestic on es. The working class will most certainly fall behind out to those who hold political positions the elites, who will mold economic reforms around the international order and, more often than not, their own interests.For Communitarian democracies, global economics impedes the possibility of creating cohesive and collective communities. With economic concerns subjected to the influences of global markets, Communitarian democracies cannot specify there own economic agenda. Moreover, the Communitarian ideal of setting a collective goal as to what the heavy life should be is nearly impossible since the international economic order infiltrates domestic affairs. As Pierson notes, In practice, state organizations have multiple points of interaction with both domestic and trans-national actors and these interactions are very far from disclosing a single and unified will (Pierson 185). By imposing an influence on states, global market forces flake the Communitarian ideal of forming a col lective vision of the good life.Chapter 8 of Holden, entitled The United Nations as an manner of global democracy (Falk) and Chapter 10, Global civil ships company and the democratic prospect (Archibugi, Balduini, Donati) both focus on the idea of strengthening and broadening the influence of civil society to combat (what Falk refers to as) globalization-from-above. The Archibugi, Balduini, and Donati text focuses on the docket proposed by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, which in turn places a large focus on the democratization of the international community as the key to better international relations.The Realist conception of democracy would embrace this sort of change. With a system that provides a relevant representation of society and de-monopolizes intergovernmental relations as the sole means of international relations, the masses of the world will realize a new possibility to voice concerns on an international level (Archibugi et al, in Holden 137). For people in Realist democrac ies this means that political involvement that was once only a incorrupt handing-over of power to a representative is now a legitimate voice to be heard beyond the confines of the state. An important feature of Ghalis vision was the creation of UN Regional Organizations that would cater to civil society and make civil interests a higher priority.Falks concept of stronger social activism (globalization-from-below) to combat global market forces (globalization-from-above) would assist the Communitarian goal of correcting the growing imbalance between private and public goods (Falk, in Holden 163,173). Communitarians would support the equalizing aspects of this brass since it would contribute better to the philosophy of allowing a community to form its objectives without external influences. For Falk, the reformation of states to find a better balance, between the logic of capital and priorities of its peoples is paramount in the effort to promote more effective democracy. In both th e Communitarian and Realist views, a reform of the international political order in this manner would be a step in the right direction.BIBLIOGRAPHYGoldmann, Kjell, 2001. Transforming the European Nation-State. London SagePublications.Holden, Barry (ed.), 2000. Global Democracy. London Routledge.Pierson, Christopher, 1996. The modern font State. London Routledge.Stevenson, Nick, 1999. The Transformation of the Media Globalization, Morality, andEthics. Harlow, Essex Pearson Education Limited.Swedish Government, 2002. The Swedish Governments EU Policy Goals for 2002.

Biographical Sketch: Reverend Craig J. Wright

REVEREND CRAIG J. J. WRIGHT Biographical Sketch rarified, Craig J. Wright is the Pastor of Calvary African Methodist Episcopal church building in Glen Cove, New York, and serves as the Associate Vice President for Equity, Inclusion and Affirmative Action at capital of the Bahamas Community College, Garden City, New York. He has been a college administrator and student advocate since 1988, and a preacher of the Gospel since 1992. Pastor Wright is a native of Freeport, New York.In his home town, Craig Wright was active in leadership roles from his youth at Bethel A. M. E. Church, his home church Freeport High School and the Nassau County Economic probability Commission (EOC). Craig Wright attended Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, where he gained invaluable experience as a Resident Advisor, Sophomore and ripened Class President, and was introduced to Phi Beta Sigma, Fraternity, Inc.He earned a Bachelors Degree in policy-making Science from Cheyney, Master of Science Degree in Hum an Resource Management/Labor traffic from New York Institute of Technology, and is currently pursuing a Doctorate of Ministry, in Urban Ministry, from Payne Theological Seminary. Reverend Wright is a charter phallus of Mu Delta Sigma, Chapter of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. is a member of the Village of Freeports Quality of manners Committee serves on the Nassau County Hate Crimes Task Force and has served the community as an Auxiliary practice of law Officer a Trustee on the Board of Directors of the City of Glen Coves Boys and Girls Club a member of La Fuerza Unida, Board of Trustees and Nassau County Chapter of the American Red Cross, Board of Directors. He has presented motivational workshops and speeches for colleges and universities throughout the northeastern region of the United States and has conducted religious services throughout the country and Central America.Reverend Wright believes that there is no ceiling to human potential. Pastor Wright was inducted into th e New York State Martin Luther King, Jr. Dream Keepers Wall of Fame, and is the recipient of the Nassau County Executive Citation for Community Service, in addition to several awards and commendations from state and local officials, as healthful as student organizations. His happiest and proudest achievements are being a husband for twenty-four (24) years to his high nurture sweetheart, Danita, and being a father of two sons.

Essay on Venture Capital †Motivations For Corporate Venturing

1. IntroductionTraditionally, the interest of companies in creating imagine funds was maked by the post hood climate. increase rates of collective venturing exertion recorded in the 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s were in correspondence with the flourishing impale cap investment fundss (Narayanan et al., 2009). De hatred the deterioration in private equity investment owing to the fall of the dot com comp whatsoever sector in early 21st century, corporate venturing is still considered to be an important bloodline activity in large line of credit formations (Gailly et al., 2014). However, corporate venturing is marred with complexity including the disconcerting array of existing corporate venturing forms (Guerrero & Pena-Legazkue, 2013). As Garg (2013) argues, for galore(postnominal) years, large business organisations have been cautious about the idea of corporate venturing. almost have witnessed a failure of their suppose endeavours while others have given up so easily. Gener ally, the lifespan of corporate venturing initiative is around one year (Basu & Wadhwa, 2013). Even business organisations with a strong capital base have struggled to utilise knowledge that is gained from start-up initiatives (Basu et al., 2011). Certainly, it is not easy to run a corporate gamble capital fortunately. However, as the rate of discontents in interrogation and development increase, corporate venturing is gaining respect and appreciation in the business world (Masulis & Nahata, 2009). To clearly position the reasons that motivate organisations to consider corporate venturing, it is imperative to analyse the judgment of growth and development as a result of the effectiveness of research and development initiatives at the organisational level.2. Venturing and riotous InnovativenessIdeas that ar innovative butt be produced via inhering R&D or access outwardly through activities such(prenominal) as corporate venture capital initiative. Companies must not limit the mselves to in-ho social function R&D as a source of innovativeness. In spite of the high prevalence of internal R&D as a source of innovativeness in many business organisations from a historical perspective, a decision to limit an organisation to sourcing its innovativeness from internal R&D has its limitations (Srivastava & Agrawal, 2010 Guerrero & Pena-Legazkue, 2013). As research on economic-based industries suggests, monopolies pretermit efficiency which results in the costs associated with inefficiency being passed d admit to the final consumer (Narayanan et al., 2009 Napp&Minshall, 2011). This idea is also recognised in corporate entrepreneurship research. Specifically, Gaba and Bhattacharya (2012) argued that elevated R&D expenditure at the organisational level is an indicator of internal inefficiencies and elevated agency costs rather than succeederful innovative initiatives or antagonistic risk-taking approaches.Therefore, it is necessary for corporations to winnow out t he monopoly enjoyed by their R&D social units. Economics positions the existence of competing players as a source of efficiency when compared to a monopoly state (Basu et al., 2011). At organisational level, structuring of corporate innovative initiatives can be realised through the development of some(prenominal) R&D centre or supporting various technological initiatives through approaches such as corporate venture capital. Furthermore, research has raised concerns over the possibility of collusion pitfalls in cases where the number of players is control (Napp & Minshall, 2011 Basu & Wadhwa, 2013). This can be addressed by offering a substantial geographical dispersion of R&D centres. Indeed, according to Gaba and Bhattacharya (2012), having numerous research sites that are geographically distributed enhances corporate innovativeness by providing assist in disabling organisational inertia, offering variety, and ultimately speeding up the development of in the buff capabilitie s and technological advancement.The option of multiple technological activities that is founded on corporate venture capital initiatives is also common among various in the lead companies on a global scale in the recent past. A decision to introduce the impression of competition in processes that take back organisational innovativeness has been found to eliminate inefficiencies in organisational innovativeness activities (Maula et al., 2009). Agency theory emphasises on inefficiencies that come up from undertake associations betwixt a self-coloreds engaging another house to beneathtake certain activity on its behalf, which entails a decision to delegate a real decision-making authority to an component (Srivastava & Agrawal, 2010). The consideration, in this case, is that both players in the contract are rational, self-interested, risk-averse, and opportunistic. Consequently, the opportunistic behaviour of the agent may not be in system with the best interests of the le ading (Garg, 2013 Bruneel et al., 2013). The agents opportunistic behaviour is manifested via adverse filling, chaste hazards, and hold-up (Cumming & Johan, 2010). In addition, any form of misalignment that exists between the principals and the agents interests implies enduring loss by the principal (Maula et al., 2009 Souitaris & Zerbinati, 2014).A typical situation where an agency problem is applicable is the case of a relationship between business managers and owners (Cumming & Johan, 2010). However, this situation can easily be applied to the relationship between a pisseds R&D unit and its top focal point. In this case, the internal R&D unit is positioned as an agent of the firms top management that is involved in technical advancement. Therefore, selection process that is adverse may be a significant issue if the R&D unit initiates a project that extends beyond its expertise. The issue of moral hazards is common in cases where actions taken by an agent cannot be verified wh ich is a common occurrence in complex research and development projects, where noticeable results rather than behaviours that cannot be verified is the solution (Narayanan et al., 2009). Hold-up challenges may emerge when internal projects that are not successful are not suspended from corporate funding even when the outcomes are useless in spite of significant corporate expenditure.Therefore, a decision to create a corporate venture capital initiative is a solution to some of the problems associated with agency challenges. Specifically, corporate venture capital plans provide internal R&D units with a significant challenge over their monopoly on generating organisational innovation. According to a research do by Basu et al. (2011), challenging the monopoly by internal R&D unit on innovation issue has assisted several business firms to directly move into successful business initiatives that would have been assumed under normal internal R&D situation. As much as corporate venturin g is considered to be heartrending due to the threat of opportunism (Garg, 2013), a decision to limit innovative activities to internal R&D unit is more problematic (Cumming et al., 2009). The challenges associated with monopolies are just part of the challenges. Without sufficient level of diversity, strategical renewal, which is considered a major entrepreneurship, can never be realised. Development of corporate venture initiatives is, therefore, significant in minimising moral hazards and adverse selection (Maula et al., 2009). Allocating an organisations funds to a corporate venture is a significant threat to the availability of funds that can be applied in internal R&D projects, which spurs competition based on the economic perspective analysed above.3. Motives that Drive Corporate VenturingResearch has realised that a corporate venture capital fund is more flexible, can move faster, and is generally cheaper when compared the conventional research and development in assisti ng an organisation in the process of responding to changes in business models and technologies (Maula et al., 2009 Napp&Minshall, 2011). According to Garg (2013), such a fund can be used in the process of stimulating demand for a firms products. Furthermore, corporate venture capital is an investment that may earn a company a return that is attractive. It is, therefore, a tool that is used by a firm in capturing ideas that ultimately influence the future of an organisation. There are various benefits that come with venture capital including faster response, better abbreviation of business threats, easier disengagement, enhanced investment impacts, increased demand, and higher returns.3.1. Venturing and Business ResponseThrough offering an inside perspective of new technological areas as well as an approach that can lead to possible ownership and use of novel ideas, corporate venturing allows businesses to swiftly respond to changes in the marketplace. In a study done by (Narayana n et al., 2009) about venturing initiatives, it was established that companies that were able to make successful financial investments experienced better success levels. Consequently, such development capabilities that are experienced under venture capital initiative take a durable period of time to be realised if done by a firm on its own and is generally more expensive (Souitaris & Zerbinati, 2014). Given the resources and time needed to modernise research facilities and recruit researchers with the good skills and expertise, expanding a firms internal research and development can be generally scrupulous (Phan et al., 2009).3.2. Venture Capital in Threat solicitudeVenture fund can be used by an organisation as an approach to gathering intelligence, which assists the firm in protecting itself from emerging threats to its combat in the market. For instance, parallel of latitude Devices, the silicon-chip specialist formulated a venture design in the 1980s focused at investme nt in a variety of competing technologies (Basu et al., 2011). The goal, in this case, was to collect strategic information at a lour cost. The process resulted in a discovery that it was difficult and expensive to make chips using non-silicon materials. This resulted in a hike in Analogs market valuation. In this case, the decision to utilise corporate venturing program offered the company a source of insurance. In this case, if the alternatives that the company had opted to explore had been viable, it was covered from the risk of being set about out of the market by its competitors. Conventional approaches to research and development does not offer data that can be used in predicting sources of competitive forces. Specifically, most corporate research and development units focus on projects that are narrow which can result in neglect of areas that can cause a significant disruption from external competitors. Accordingly Phan et al. (2009) argue that most business managers in fir ms with versatile internal R&D functions face challenges when it comes to determining whether their companies are blindsided with regard to new innovative developments that may threaten their competitiveness3.3. Venturing and Easier DetachmentAnother unequivocal aspect of venturing that is related to the ability of a firm to speed up its response to threats and change is that it offers organisational management a faster approach to detach from investments that appear to be doomed to fail. In particular, many firms look it challenging to abandon innovations that are not very good but are developed internally (Rohrbeck et al., 2009). Such projects can remain in a firms product development for many years resisting termination. This can well be illustrated by Nokias continued focus on develop its nomadic phones based on the Symbian operating system even when most of its competitors had opted to go into free fall, which negatively affected the competitiveness of Nokia in the market. The relationship that exists between firms and their venture funds which is arms-length is advantageous in this respect. In particular, as much as a firm may be reluctant to squeeze out an initiative that is unpromising, the presence of co-investors provides a platform for forcing the decision.3.4. Venture Capital and Increased Impacts of InvestmentVenture Capital provides business firms opportunities for compounding their capital with other venture capitals, which results in the magnification of the effects of an investment to a firm. These benefits are oddly apparent in cases where technological uncertainty is significantly higher. The iFund, which was supported by Apple Company and introduced in the market by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, a venerable VC firm, provides an illustration of this case. This investment enabled Apple to build applications for its new mobile phone products at the lowest cost possible. This was in contrast to the case of Nokia, which was a major market rival to Apple Company whose operating system, Symbian was unsuccessful and very costly. As a result of the success of the iFund, similar such initiatives have been positioned by many other companies including famous venture capital developments such as Facebook and Research in Motion.3.5. Venturing and Market DemandVenture firm provides a firm with several sources of leveraging. This can be illustrated by the iFund case. In particular, a decision by venture capitalists to promote the development of technologies that were reliant on the parent firm business platforms results in increased demand for the firms products. This approach was considered by Intel Capital in the late 1990s when it founded a capital that speeded the adoption of Intels next contemporaries chips in the market (Rohrbeck et al., 2009). This fund was invested in numerous hardware and software makers who were mostly Intel competitors and their products capitalised on the great power presented by the new c hip developed by Intel. These investments resulted in the accelerated adoption of Intel chip inside a short period of time. Intel capital was also involved in seeding firms that were developing wireless net products founded on a platform that had been championed by Intel. This resulted in rapid adoption of wireless products from Intel in the avocation years, which illustrated the success of the company in applying corporate venturing in creating a network of wireless actors.3.6. Venturing and ReturnsResearch has also established a financial benefit that is associated with venturing. Specifically, the main objective of any venture capital initiative is to generate revenue for the partners. With regard to corporate venture capital, the main goal is gaining a strategic advantage in the market, which ultimately culminates in increased profitability as much as the initial income generated as a result of the venture itself is insignificant with regard to the bottom line of corporate fi rms (Masulis & Nahata, 2009). Business organisations introduce prize in start-ups that they find, which is commonly in the form of resources, skills, and reputation (Phan et al., 2009). This also changes the perception of the new entitys prospects in the face of external investors. Public and private equity investors generally believe that start-ups that are founded on venture capital will be absorbed by the investors at an attractive valuation. Accordingly, Basu et al. (2011) established that business start-ups that are funded by corporations are more likely to attract more attention among high-quality players in the market when compared to nondescript start-ups. It also emerged that such start-ups that are backed by corporate venture funds have a better performance with regard to stock price when compared to those that are backed by traditional investment groups.4. ConclusionThe analysis of the corporate venture capital and its significance in the business world show a clear pic ture of its implication in growth, development, and competitiveness of business organisations in the wake of a globalised business environment. Specifically, it was apparent that corporate venture capital initiative could be applied by business organisations in increasing their innovativeness and the general firm efficiency and ultimately their competitiveness. Consequently, corporate venture capital initiatives express entrepreneurial aspects that are associated with significant effects on business corporations. Consequently, based on the deeper analysis of the strategic aspects of corporate venture capital investments, this paper has affirmed that it plays a strategic role in competitiveness and sustainability of corporate entities in the contemporary business settings hence an attractive initiative in most corporations.5. ReferencesBasu, S., & Wadhwa, A. (2013). remote venturing and discontinuous strategic renewal An options perspective. Journal of Product Innovation Management , 30(5), pp. 956-975.Basu, S., Phelps, C., Kotha, S. (2011). Towards understanding who makes corporate venture capital investments and why, Journal of Business Venturing, 26(2), pp. 153-171.Bruneel, J., Van de Velde, E., & Clarysse, B. (2013). Impact of the Type of Corporate Spin?Off on Growth. Entrepreneurship speculation and Practice, 37(4), pp. 943-959.Cumming, D., & Johan, S. (2010). Venture capital investment duration. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(2), pp. 228-257.Cumming, D., Fleming, G., &Schwienbacher, A. (2009). Corporate relocation in venture capital finance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(5), pp. 1121-1155.Gaba, V., & Bhattacharya, S. (2012). Aspirations, innovation, and corporate venture capital A behavioural perspective. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 6(2), pp. 178-199.Gailly, B., Da Gbadji, A. G., & Schwienbacher, A. (2014). worldwide analysis of venture capital programs of large corporations and financial institutions. Entrepreneurship Theo ry & Practice, Forthcoming.Garg, S. (2013). Venture boards Distinctive monitoring and implications for firm performance. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp. 90-108.Guerrero, M., & Pena-Legazkue, I. (2013). The effect of intrapreneurial experience on corporate venturing Evidence from developed economies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(3), pp. 397-416.Guerrero, M., & Pena-Legazkue, I. (2013). The effect of intrapreneurial experience on corporate venturing Evidence from developed economies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(3), pp. 397-416.Masulis, R. W., &Nahata, R. (2009). Financial contracting with strategic investors Evidence from corporate venture capital backed IPOs. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 18(4), pp. 599-631.Maula, M. V., Autio, E., & Murray, G. C. (2009). Corporate venture capital and the balance of risks and rewards for portfolio companies. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), pp. 274-286.Napp, J. J., &Minshal l, T. (2011). Corporate venture capital investments for enhancing innovation challenges and solutions. Research-Technology Management, 54(2), 27-36.Narayanan, V. K., Yang, Y., & Zahra, S. A. (2009). Corporate venturing and honor creation A review and proposed framework. Research Policy, 38(1), pp. 58-76.Phan, P. H., Wright, M., Ucbasaran, D., & Tan, W. L. (2009). 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The Story Cinderella Through a Marxist’s Eye

In a red ink view, a capitalistic society equates economic status to favorable status. The story of Cinderella by Charles Perrault highlights a get of these views. Cinderellas stepfamily longingly desired to keep t inheritor fond standing. They are willing to but Cinderella into poverty by making her their break ones back. By doing so, they ensure their social and economic standing. The prince has a similar need to keep his high-class standing but requires a bride to bear on these necessities. The prince reaches his goal by marrying Cinderella to create a possible heir to his throne.Cinderellas stepfamily and the prince sustain their economic power by upholding their social status. In a capitalistic society, at that place is a dependency on having a lower class in order to maintain the high class. Since Cinderellas stepfamily has a lot of money and she has nonhing, they maintain their economic status by demoting her to slavery. In the source of the fairy tale by and by he r mother dies, her father remarries to maintain his economic status. Cinderella is unfortunate when soon after his death she is plunged into poverty. Throughout the story, her stepfamily wrap ups to live in luxury while keeping Cinderella in squalor.While her stepsisters slept in expensive beds and were dressed in lavish fashions, Cinderella had to sleep in a bed made of chaff and wear old dirty rags. The stepmother requires Cinderella to be kept in poverty in order to maintain their economic and social status. Cinderella will never have the chance to rise to the higher class since she does not earn any money. Unless someone existing in the higher class takes her out of her poverty, she will continue to exist in spite of appearance the lower class. In this time period, people were defined within society by how much money they acquired.The princes social standing of being in the ruling class is too dependent on economic wealth. In order for his family to stay in power he require to have an heir to the throne. He hosts an extravagant ball at his castle to find a desirable bride and all the ladies in the town were invited to attend. Cinderella wanted eagerly to go the ball, but knew she was not wealthy equal to look the part. Cinderella is fortunate enough to have help from a supernatural force, called her fairy godmother, to transform her into visual aspect like she was from the high-class society.Her beauty was so intriguing that the prince fell in love the moment he looked at her. Once he finds Cinderella from the help of his servants, she is pulled out of slavery and into the ruling class. The prince enables his family to maintain their economic and social status by marrying Cinderella. He now will have an heir to the throne and his family will be preserved in the royal society. The struggle between the higher and lower classes of society is prominent within Marxism. Charles Perrault highlights this ideology in the fairytale of Cinderella.Cinderellas stepfamily wants to keep their maintain their economic and social standing. They make Cinderella their slave and instantly plunge her into poverty. Their economic standing is ensured as soon as she is put the lower class. The prince alike keeps his social standing when he finds a bride. The prince and Cinderella get married therefore maintain his economic and social status and ultimately creating a possible heir to his throne. In the story Cinderella economic status is ensured finished differences in social statuses. Marxist views uphold this society and therefore capitalism is sustained.

Biochemical Action of Bacteria

OBJECTIVE 1. To distinguish the bacterium abilities to metabolize versatile substrates and end products formed. 2. To observe the growth of different bacteria species in term of structures and its morphology based on different chemical substance applied. 3. To observe physiological and immunological properties utilized by different species of bacteria. presentation Bacteria biochemical trialing can determine the types and sums in terms of colony forming units of bacteria present in a sample of different chemical. The auditioning could be foc employ on a specific type of bacteria, medical bacteria or a broad range of environmental bacteria.Since bacteria atomic number 18 present in virtually any environment, its important to be clear wherefore the shewing is being performed. The more specific the seeing is the better and the easier it is to interpret the takes. Numbers and types of bacteria that should be a ca wasting disease for concern depends upon several factors, includi ng the type of bacteria present and the type of samples. Escherichia coliare integrity of the main species of bacteria living in the lower in campaignines of mammals. E. colican be put in the in block outinal tract of warm-blooded animals. The nominal head ofE. coliin regimens is conside ruby- rosy to be an indication of fecal contamination.staphylococci beings are commonly found in the environment. Several species ofStaphylococcusare found on the skin, intestines, nasal passages, etc. of warm-blooded animals. almost species ofStaphylococcus, particularlyStaphylococcus aureuscan be pathogenic are cap satisfactory of causing illness. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely distributed in soil, water and plants. It survives in hot tubs, whirlpools, contact lens ascendant, sinks and showers. It can cause a number of opportunistic infections including infections of the skin, external ear canal and of the eye.Nitrifying bacteria recycle organic normalityous materials from ammonium (the term for the decomposition of proteins) to processs. Their presence can indicate that the water may have been polluted by nitrogen-rich organics from pedigrees such(prenominal) as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and hazardous turn back sites and is undergoing an aerobic form of adulteration. The presence of denitrifying bacteria can indicate that the water has been polluted by nitrogen-rich organics from sources such as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and hazardous waste sites. MATERIALS 1. alimentary blood cultures of Escherichia coli . nutrient line of descent cultures of Serratia marcescens 3. Nutrient strain cultures of Salmonella typhimurium 4. Nutrient broth cultures of Bacillus subtilis 5. Nutrient broth cultures of Klebsiella spp. 6. Nutrient broth cultures of strep spp. 7. Nutrient broth cultures of Staphylococcus aurieus 8. Nutrient broth cultures of Proteus vulgaris 9. Nutrient broth cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens 10. Parafilm tape 11. Inoculating loops 12. Gloves 13. Incubator 14. Nutrient agar-agar plate 15. Nutrient agar fishs 16. Starch agar plates 17. Gelatine agar plates 18. 2 organ pipes Clarks-Lub mediocre (MR-VP medium) 19. Tryptone broth 20. 3 Kigler slant 21. 5 thermionic vacuum tubes process broth ( 0. 1% KNO3) 22. 5 urea broth 23. Tube containing 10ml of sterile saline 24. Glucose broths with Durham tubes and phenylic harsh cherry indicator 25. Lactose broths with Durham tubes and phenol cherry indicator 26. sucrose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 27. Grams ace 28. Kovacs indol reagent 29. Mercuric chloride solution 30. KOH-creatine solution or 40% KOH 31. F&R reagent 32. Nesslers reagent mapping A. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1. Fermentation of sugars Materials 1. Glucose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 2.Lactose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 3. Sucrose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 4. 18 ho ur nutrient broth cultures of E. coli and S. typhimurium use 1) The small bottles of different sugars were inoculated with a loopfuls of E. coli and Salmonella spp. 2) The tubes were denominate and incubate at 37oC for 24 hours 3) both observations were record for presence of acid or accelerator pedal doing. 2. Hydrolysis of starch Materials 1. Starch agar plates 2. Broth agar cultures of B. subtilis and E. coli Procedure 1) Starch plate was measureed with E. coli in for sections and repeated for B. ubtilis bacteria in other starch plate. 2) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and inoculated at 37oC for 24 hours. The avocation daytime 1) The plates were tried and true for starch hydrolysis by flooding the pates with Grams iodine. 2) The plates were examined and the colonies that showed clear uncoloured orders in contrast with the blue- desolate background of the starch-iodine difficult were noted. 3) The extent of the zones of hydrolysis indicated either the carmine colour zones were seen. 4) All results and observations were save. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM 1. Indole test Materials 1. Broth cultures of B. ubtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 tubes of tryptone broth 3. Kovacs indole test reagent Procedures 1) The peptone water was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The future(a) day 1) The tubes were added with a hardly a(prenominal) drops of Kovacs indole reagent (dimethylamino groupbenzaldehyde) 2) The red or dark alter indicates the presence of indole. 4. Hydrogen sulphide Materials 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 Kiglers slant Procedures 1) The Kiglers slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism by the stab method. ) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 3) The Kigler slant was observed for toil of H2S where the pitch blackness precipitate on the line of growth in the Kiglers slants indicated the H2S have been pass waterd. 4) The observations were recorded. 3. Gelatine hydrolysis test Materials 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. Gelatine agar plates 3. Mercuric chloride solution Procedures 3) The gelatin agar plates were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism with a single streak at the centre of the plates. ) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 5) The plates were flooded with mercuric chloride solution. 6) The medium incur opaque in regions that still contain gelatine and clear regions where gelatine has been hydrolysed. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST Materials 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. 2. 2 tubes of Clark-Lubs medium (MR-VP medium) 3. KOH-creatine solution Procedures 1) The tubes of Clark-Lubs medium (MR-VP medium) were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tubes were labelled and incubated for 24 hours.The foll owing day 1) The tubes were tested with Voges-Proskauer test. 2) The 0. 5ml of KOH-creatine solutuin was addd. 3) The tube was shaked vigorously for 30 seconds. 4) The red or pink comment indicates the presence of acetoin. D. CATALASE TEST Materials 1. Broth cultures of Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. 2. Nutrient agar slant Procedures 1) The nutrient agar slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with catalase test by adding several drops of a 5% solution of enthalpy peroxide. ) The vigorous bubbling indicates the presence of oxygen. E. NITRATE step-down TEST Materials 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, Proteus vugaris, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens. 2. 5 tubes containing process broth (0. 1% KNO3) 3. process test reagent Procedures 1) The nitrate broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with 1ml of Follet and Ratcliffs (F&R reagent) 2) The orange or brownish intensity indicates the presence of nitrate. 3) The take out of nitrate indicates that a.There has been no nitrate decrease b. The reduction has proceeded beyond that nitrate stage. 4) The absent of orange or brown intensity were further tested with small amount of cadmium to the tube. If nitrate still present, it will be catalytically change to nitrate which will then reacts with the F&R reagent in the tube. 5) In the absent of a coercive nitrate result, the bubbles f H2 gas was observed in the Durhams tube OR 6) The samples were tested with 1ml of Nesslers reagent. The brown or orange semblance indicates the presence of ammonia. F. UREASE TEST Materials 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, P. vugaris, S. arcescens, P. fluorescens. 2. 5 urea broth with indicator Procedures 1) The urea broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The urease- verifying organism produced in intense red/purple coloration of the medium after incubation. 2) All observations were recorded. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION trial Observation(After 24 hours incubation) Description A. Carbohydrate Test 1. Fermentation of starchDurham tubes and phenol-red indicator. 2. Hydrolysis of starch Glucose Lactose Sucrose Starch agar platesB. ubtilisE. coli * verificatory result for E. coli as tube turn icteric * corroborative result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * compulsory result for E. coli as tube turn yellow * No gas produced by S. typhimium because the tube turns red. * No gas produced by E. coli because the tube is slightly red. * Positive result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * Positive zone of clearing. * banish zone of clearing. B. Protein And amino Acid Metabolism 1. Indole test 2. Hydrogen disulphide 3. Gelatine hydrolysis test Tryptone brothB. subtilisE. co li. S. typhimuriumKiglers slantB. subtilisE. oli. S. typhimuriumGelatine agar platesB. subtilisE. coli. S. typhimurium * Negative Indole tests no color change. * Bright fuschia at the interface is official test for Indole. * Negative Indole tests no color change. * Black precipitate form shows despotic sulphur reduction. * Negative re execution. * Positive reaction forming the black precipitate. * Positive hydrolysis of gelatine into amino acid to be used as nutrients/gelatinase. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine C. Voges- Proskaeurs Test MR-VP mediumE. coli. Klebsiella spp. * Negative results of E. oli * Positive results Klebsiella spp. D. Catalase Test Nutrient agar slantS. aureusStreptococcus spp. S. aureus * Positive catalase reaction because present of bubblesStreptococcus spp. * Negative catalase reaction no bubbles present. E. Nitrate Reduction Test Nitrate brothE. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. fluorenscens * No color change after den itrification of ammonia. * No color change after denitrification of ammonia. * Turns red. Positive nitrate test shows nitrate reductase present. * Turns red but ostracise catalase test. F. Urease Test Urea brothE. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. luorenscens * Negative urease test because the tube remain purple. * P. vulgaris show positive urease test from yellow to pinkish. * S. marcescens show negative urease test because the color remain purple. * P. fluorenscens show negative urease test because the color remain purple. DISCUSSION Biochemical tests of bacteria oobjectively to test the metabolism of carbohydrate and related products of different bacteria species, test specific breakdown of products through color changes and gas produced. Besides that, the world power of bacteria utilizes a specific substance and the metabolism of protein and amino acid by bacteria.A. CARBOHYDRATE TEST Carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which is essentially the major carbon source of most organisms. Specific carbohydrate can be fermented by organism that incorporated in a medium producing red or acid with gas. Pinkish red color shows positive results where acidic content formed in the tube because carbon dioxide realised if ferment occur. Negative catabolism of carbohydrate shows by yellow to colourless of Durhams tube as the solution remain alkaline in the absent of carbon dioxide gas.Gas production can be seen as bubbles in Durhams tube. Central carbohydrate metabolism or the breakdown of sugars into smaller compounds accompanied by the production of ATP and reduction of coenzymes, follows one of several pathway. Carbohydrate utilization and fermentation will be assessed by growing cells without shaking (aeration) in defined media containing a single carbohydrate. Acid products of sugar fermentation will cause a noticeable color change in the pH indicator include in the medium.Sugar fermentation does not produce alkali ne product, however non-fermentative hydrolysis of amino acids in the peptone, present in most fermentation media, may give an alkaline reaction, which will also cause a color change in the pH indicator. Gas production, H2 in particular, can be determined by placing a small, inverted Durham tube in the test medium. If gas is produced, it is trapped in the Durham tube and can be seen as a bubble. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced by bacterial anaerobic degradation of the two sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine.Hydrogen sulfide is released as a by-product when carbon and nitrogen atoms in the amino acids are consumed as nutrients by the cells. Under anaerobic conditions the sulfhydryl (-SH) group on cysteine is cut down by cysteine desulfurase. ferric ammonium sulfate-indicator. H2S reacts with ferrous sulfate forming the black precipitate Sodium thiosulfate is reduced to sulphite/thiosulfate The Kliglers Iron test is used to detect liberation of H2S gas by bacte ria growing on an excess of these sulfur-containing amino acids. The agar contains high levels of peptones or sources of cysteine and methionine and ferrous sulfate as an indicator.When H2S is produced, the ferrous ion reacts with it to give ferrous sulfide, an insoluble black precipitate. In starch hydrolysis test Iodine must be on the plate to visualize the zone of clearing surrounding the bacteria. This zone indicates starch was broken down to dextrins, maltose, and glucose. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM Indole test measures the ability of bacteria to split indole from tryptophan molecule but in term of biochemistry, Indole test is one of the metabolic degradation products of the amino acid tryophan.Bacteria that possess the enzyme trytophanase are capable of hydrolysing and deaminating tryptophan with the production of Indole, pyruvic acid and ammonia. Positive reaction showed by E. coli, P. vulgaris and negative results observed in Klebsiella and Salmonella from observat ion in the Indole test. Development of fuchsia red color at the interface of the reagent and the broth within seconds after adding the reagent is indicative of the presence of Indole and is a positive test. Kovacs reagent detects if tryptophan has been hydrolyzed to indol or tryptophanase.Gelatin is the protein derived from the animal protein collagen, has been used as a unshakableifying agent in food for a long time besides nutrient gelatine as an early type of solid growth medium. One problem is that many bacteria have the ability to hydrolyze or flow the gelatin. This gelatin liquefaction ability forms the basis for this test. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST The production of acetoin by bacteria is perform through Voges Proskauer Test to determine the ability of the organisms to produce neutral end product acetyl methyl carbinol (acetoin) from glucose fermentation.Negative results gained from E. coli meanwhile positive reaction gives by. Changing of color to red pinkish color at the su rface of the medium indicated positive results and yellow color at the surface of the medium show negative reaction. The KOH reagent should not be also added to the sample because excess KOH may mask weak VP positive reactions. The MR test will be positive for organisms that have complete pathways for mixed acid fermentation. The Voges-Proskauer (VP) test determines whether a specific neutral metabolic intermediate, acetoin, has been produced kinda of acid from glucose.Acetoin is the last intermediate in the butanediol pathway, which is a common fermentation pathway in B. subtilis. The tests are complementary in the sense that often a bacterium will give a positive reaction for one test and a negative reaction for the other. The three realizable patterns of results where the acetoin fermentation pathway, discover by the VP test, two molecules of pyruvate condense and two molecules of CO2 are released. The 4 carbon intermediate that is formed, acetoin, contains a carbonyl group. The acetoin acts as a terminal electron acceptor with the carbonyl group being reduced to a hydroxyl group.The reduced product, butanediol, is excreted by the bacteria and acetoin is oxidized to diacetyl by alkaline -naphthol, which forms a red complex with creatinine. D. CATALASE TEST Catalase is present in most cytochrome containing aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria except Streptococcus spp. Hydrogen peroxide forms as one of the oxidative end product of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism. If hydrogen peroxide allowed accumulating in the bacterial cells it becomes lethal to the bacteria. Catalases help in converting H2O2 to water and oxygen.In the catalase test performed, Streptococcus spp gives negative reaction as for S. aureus, the positive reaction occurred. One of the by-products of oxidation-reduction in the presence of O2 during aerobic ventilating system is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This compound is highly reactive and must be degraded in the cytoplasm of the cell p roducing it. It can be especially damaging to molecules of DNA. Most aerobes synthesize the enzyme catalase, which breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen. The O2 gas is identified by the production of bubbles from a concentrated cell suspension.The test for catalase is simple and usually in truth reliable. It is a major method of distinguishing between Staphylococcus (catalase positive), Streptococcus (catalase negative), and Enterococcus (catalase negative), although some strains of Enterococcus faecalis may be positive. Catalase production is generally associated with aerobic organisms, since H2O2 is a toxic by-product of aerobic growth, but not always. E. NITRATE lessening TEST Nitrate reduction test basically test the ability of organism to reduce the nitrate to nitrites of free nitrogen gas.In order to determine either the bacteria can reduce nitrate, the test organism is inoculated into nitrate reduction broth, undefined medium that contains large amounts of nitrate (KNO3). A fter incubation, reagent added simultaneously reacts with nitrite and turn to red color, indicating a positive nitrate reduction. If there is no color change at this step, nitrite is absent. If the nitrate is unaltered and till in its original form, this would be a negative nitrate reduction result. However it is possible that the nitrate was reduced to nitrite but has been further reduced to ammonia or nitrogen gas.This would be recorded as positive nitrate reduction result. Under anaerobic conditions, some bacteria are able to use nitrate (NO3-) as an external terminal electron acceptor. This kind of metabolism is analogous to the use of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor by aerobic organisms and is called anaerobic respiration. Nitrate is an oxidized compound and there are several steps possible in its reduction. The initial step is the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). Several possible products can be made from further reduction of nitrite. Possible reduced end products include the following N2, NH3 (ammonia), N2O (nitrous oxide).Bacteria vary in their ability to perform these reactions, a useful lineament for identification. A medium that will support growth must be used and the cells must be grown anaerobically. Growth in the presence of oxygen will decrease or eliminate nitrate reduction. There are many possible end products of nitrate reduction such as nitrite, nitrogen gas (N2), nitrous oxides, ammonia, and hydroxylamine. The dis get alongance of nitrate or the appearance of the end products. The test relies on the production of nitrous acid from the nitrite. This, in turn, reacts with the iodide in the reagent to produce iodine.The iodine then reacts with the starch in the reagent to produce a blue color. Since some of the possible products of NO3- reduction are gaseous, a Durham tube is sometimes inverted in the culture tube to trap gases. This being the case, it is important to pre-test the medium to ensure no detectable nitrite is present at the beginning, and, in the case of a negative test, to reduce any nitrate to nitrite to determine whether the nitrite was also reduced. If nitrite is produced, it reacts with hemoglobin to give a bright red color, instead of the dark red color of hemoglobin.It is this reaction that is responsible for the color of meats, such as hot dogs, which are preserved with sodium nitrite. The blood agar test has the advantage of no color change occurring if the nitrite is further reduced. F. UREASE TEST Urease test mainly highlighted to determine the ability of the organism to split urea forming 2 molecules of ammonia by the action of the enzyme Urease with resulting alkalinity. Negative reaction shown by E. coli meanwhile Klebsiella spp. shows positive result. Extra precaution needed because both the urease test medium depend upon the demonstration of alkalinity that not specific for urease.Moreover the protein hydrolysis may result I alkalinity hence simulated positive may be seen in Pseudomonas. The false positivity can be eliminated by overtop test using the same medium without urea as recommendation. Urea is a nitrogenous waste product of animals. Some bacteria can cleaved it to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia. The ammonia is a nitrogen source for amino acid biosynthesis as well as for synthesis of other nitrogen-containing molecules in the cell. The urease test was devised to distinguish Proteus species from other enterics.The medium described here is buffered enough so that weak urease producers appear negative. The production of ammonia raises the pH of the medium. The indicator phenol red is present in the broth. Phenol red is orange-yellow at pH below than 6. 8, and turns bright pinkish-red at pH higher than 8. 1. Hence, a positive urea test is denoted by the change of medium color from yellow to pinkish red. CONCLUSION Based on the laboratory, different bacteria species have different abilities to metabolize various substrates and end produc ts formed were able to be observed and distinguished.