The Importance Of A Safe And Healthy School Education Essay

For more than twenty old ages, research workers and pedagogues have indicated the importance of a safe and healthy school environment in furthering academic accomplishment ( Luiselli, Putnam, Handler, & A ; Feinberg, 2005 ; Hymel, Schonert-Reichl, & A ; Miller, 2006 ) . Schools are the most important socialisation force next to the household and it is in school where kids form relationships which influence societal and academic results ( Wentzel & A ; Looney, 2007 ) . It has been suggested in assorted surveies that a supportive and caring school environment optimizes the academic results of pupils ( Nakamoto, 2008 ; Beran, 2003 ) . Caring and supportive school environments can merely happen when the socialisation experiences and relationships of pupils feature credence, tolerance, and regard from both instructors and co-students. To kids, friendly relationships are considered a important facet of development. As they mature and develop, kids are encouraged and expected to hold friends to give them a sense of credence and belonging. Without these equal dealingss, kids become vulnerable to adjustment troubles which can ensue to low self-esteem, anxiousness, solitariness, and depression. Unfortunately, non all kids are able to hold healthy equal dealingss in the class of their academic experience. The absence of equal dealingss or holding debatable equal dealingss makes kids susceptible to victimization. Children who are frequently bullied in school are those who have few friends. They are prone to Acts of the Apostless of bullying or aggression from their equals. The deficiency of equal support and a safe school environment consequences to depression, anxiousness, and in utmost instances, self-destruction ( Rigby, 2000 ) . Bullying as a serious national issue emerged after the Columbine shots in 1999. Since so, strong-arming has become a critical populace policy issue and to day of the month, 43 provinces have adopted antibullying Torahs to protect and safeguard the rights of kids from aggressive and violent Acts of the Apostless of their equals ( Anti-Defamation League [ ADL ] , 2010 ) . In the yesteryear, the job of intimidation was an unfastened secret that was seldom discussed, much less addressed by school functionaries and the community. Educators and parents by and large regarded it as a â€Å" rite of transition † which kids necessarily undergo as portion of the socialisation procedure. Public functionaries and school governments have lobbied for steps to advance safe and healthy school environments and there have been consequences from some intercessions to cut down intimidation. However, strong-arming remains a outstanding issue until today. Recently, the instance of the college freshe r Tyler Clementi who was cyberbullied until he jumped off the George Washington Bridge and high school pupil Phoebe Prince who committed self-destruction after being infinitely bullied by her equals in a Massachusetts public school has confirmed that the battle to set an terminal to victimization in schools has a long manner to travel. Bullying is a chronic job in American schools. Nine out of 10 simple pupils have been bullied by their equals, harmonizing to a simple questionnaire developed by research workers at Lucile Packard Children ‘s Hospital ( 2007 ) and the Stanford University School of Medicine ( Medical News Today, 2007 ) . In the last 15 old ages, much attending has been placed on the issue of strong-arming in schools both in the United States and in other parts of the universe. States like Norway, Sweden, Japan, and Australia have been at the centre of attending on issues related to strong-arming ( Green, 2007 ) . In the United States, many believe that intimidation is nil more than a childhood rite. School intimidation is now accepted as a type of ill will that can hold durable mental effects for pupils that are both victims and culprits ( Green, 2007 ) . Clearly, school intimidation has become a prevailing quandary that interrupts the societal dealingss between pupils, detracts from the positiv e quality of schoolroom experiences, and hinders pupils ‘ chances to larn. Bullying is a menace non merely to a safe and healthy school environment but to kids ‘s academic results every bit good. Ideally, schools provide a wider societal context for kids to develop from their early socialisation experiences within the place. As a effect, kids ‘s societal and emotional experience influences their cognitive development. Furthermore, schools allow pupils to see and larn new things which are critical to their rational development. If the school does non supply such an environment, kids may see societal and rational troubles ( Eccles et al. , 1999 ) . What raises serious concern among the educational community is the determination that intimidation may hold a negative influence in academic accomplishment of pupils. Ecological theoretical accounts of school accomplishment suggest that school results of kids are influenced by the quality of interactions they have with equals, parents, instructors, and other persons ( Broussard & A ; Garrison, 2004 ) . Hence, the chronic job of intimidation may discourage kids from experience their full rational development. Childs who are often victimized by their equals whether physically, verbally, or psychologically may endure from larning disengagement low anticipation of success, and accordingly, execute ill on school assignment and accomplishment trials. Particularly relevant to the present survey is research showing important links between school intimidation and academic public presentation ( e.g. , Buhs, Ladd, & A ; Herald, 2006 ; Juvonen, Nishina, & A ; Graham, 2000 ; Schwartz, Farver, Chang, & A ; Lee-Shin, 2002 ) . Students who are victimized by equals are likely to show hapless academic public presentation ( Buhs et al. , 2006 ; Juvonen et al. , 2000 ; Konishi & A ; Li, 2006 ; Nishina, Juvonen, & A ; Witkow, 2005 ; Schwartz et al. , 2002 ; Schwartz, Gorman, Nakamoto, & A ; Toblin, 2005 ) , as are kids who bully others ( Pereira, Mendonca, Neto, Valente, & A ; Smith, 2004 ) , consistent with statements that childrenaˆYs societal experiences at school impact their academic public presentation ( see Hymel et al. , 2006 ; Weissberg & A ; Durlak, 2005 ) . Not all surveies have demonstrated such associations, nevertheless. Hanish and Guerra ( 2002 ) failed to happen a relationship between equal victimization and accomplishment a nd Woods and Wolke ( 2004 ) found that accomplishment was significantly linked to relational but non direct signifiers of victimization. Since the 1970s, the public schools in America have been placed under the microscope and answerability in all countries has been demanded. Parents are familiar with issues of proving and installation safety, but an extra country that has been brought to the head of the state ‘s attending is that of pupil safety. One specific country of important concern has been the issue of strong-arming and the deductions that student behavior can hold on the safety and security of all pupils. Teachers understand the degrees of influence and acknowledge the power of the household, the community, and the popular civilization to act upon behaviour. What they frequently do non understand is the extent or bound of their domain of influence. When instructors are asked to place hazard factors for the development of intimidation, they by and large rank the household and cultural factors such as telecasting movies, and pop music as holding the strongest impact on kids ‘s development of strong-a rming behaviours. When instructors are asked to bespeak which factors they can act upon, they recognize for the most portion, that their influence is limited to the schoolroom and school environment. Teachers are encouraged to concentrate their energy and resources on altering the countries within their domain of influence, that is, the schoolroom and the school. A figure of factors have been identified as lending to pupils sense of safety and belonging at school, but less research has examined the grade to which these factors really impact school public presentation. The present survey examined the function of two school clime factors in footings of their consequence on pupil accomplishment in math and reading. Although enlightening, these surveies focus merely on the person or pupil degree, non taking into history the school degree bunch of pupils. There is a famine of research sing the impact of strong-arming at the school degree in relation to academic public presentation. At the school degree, both strong-arming and teacher-student dealingss are, in kernel, facets of school clime that reflect an overall degree of tolerance for negative interpersonal interactions. As such, both represent school-level factors that can impact academic public presentation. To our cognition, there are no empirical surveies analyzing relationships between school clime, as reflected in reported intimidation and teacher-student dealingss, and single studentsaˆY accomplishment. Consequently, in the present survey, we assessed the linkage between academic accomplishment and intimidation at the school degree utilizing a multilevel analysis technique that allowed us to besides see the possible buffering consequ ence of positive teacher-student dealingss. Specifically, the present survey addressed: ( a ) whether studentsaˆY academic public presentation is related to the schoolaˆYs strong-arming clime ( e.g. , Do pupils in schools that have a batch of strong-arming demonstrate poorer academic public presentation? ) , and ( B ) whether student-teacher connection influences the bullying-achievement relationship ( e.g. , Do pupils who enjoy positive connection with instructors show positive academic accomplishment despite high degrees of strong-arming in their schools? ) . Sexual activity differences were besides explored.Statement of the ProblemThe job of intimidation has existed since the beginning of clip. The issue of pupil safety in schools as it relates to school-yard intimidation, nevertheless, was brought to the head of the American populace with the calamities at Columbine, Jonesboro, Conyers, and Paducah. The job continues and has been aggravated by the coming of the cyber strong-arming possible. Young people ‘s li ves have been impacted for their full hereafter by apparently mindless childhood Acts of the Apostless. Small research exists today on the perceptual experience of public school decision makers in Missouri with respect to strong-arming being a job in their school. In order to turn to the job of the school-yard bully, we must foremost analyze the attitudes and head sets of the work forces and adult females in charge of educating and protecting our immature people during the school twenty-four hours. Before realistic stairss can be taken by decision makers in battling school toughs, one must first understand and acknowledge that intimidation is a job. Research reveals that there are so physical, psychological, and emotional jobs exhibited by the victims of strong-arming while go toing school, but old research has made a weak effort to decently link the emotions of the victims with the ability to larn while at school. ( Kumpulainen, K. , & A ; Rasanen, E. , 2000 ) Although intimidation is an age old job in America, gender besides plays a major function in the types and features of strong-arming at school ( Crick & A ; Grotpeter, 1995 ) . Female and male striplings have a inclination to move and respond otherwise under the force per unit area of a school bully. Traditional signifiers of intimidation still take topographic point throughout schoolrooms and play evidences of American public schools, but in today ‘s universe we are now threatened with an even more powerful and perchance more psychologically detrimental signifier of intimidation, which is normally referred to as â€Å" cyber intimidation † .Purpose of the StudyThis qualitative instance survey research is an scrutiny of the perceptual experiences of school staff on intimidation and its impact on academic accomplishment. The participants of this survey will include 10 simple class instructors and 5 counsel counsellors of schools belonging to the South Georgia School District. Participants wi ll be chosen through random sampling. Informant interviews will be the primary informations assemblage method to be triangulated with secondary informations beginnings such as school records, studies, accomplishment trials, and other pertinent paperss which may be used to verify and supplement the literature reappraisal for a more thorough treatment of the findings. Data will be analyzed through the qualitative content analysis method.Research QuestionsThe cardinal inquiry addressed in this survey is: How does the school staff perceive intimidation and its relationship with academic accomplishment in simple class pupils? The undermentioned research inquiries guide this thesis: Q1. How do instructors and school psychologists of a South Georgia School District define intimidation? Q2. From the point of position of school staff, what types of intimidation behaviours are prevailing in their several schools? Q3. How does strong-arming act upon the academic results of both bully and victim? Q4. What are their functions and competences in turn toing intimidation in the school environment? Q5. How can instructors and decision makers help turn to school intimidation?Restrictions and Boundary linesThis research narrowly evaluates the perceptual experiences of school staff from public simple schools within the South George School District. This research specifically addresses the factors that contribute to strong-arming inside the school premises, the type of strong-arming the instructors observed, and most significantly how intimidation affected the academic public presentation of the victims and culprits.Definition of Key FootingsSchool Achievement is a pupil ‘s comprehension of peculiar information and proficiency with specific accomplishments. Bully refers to person who uses physical or verbal aggression on something of a regular footing against other immature people. Normally, toughs are found to be stronger, bigger, and more aggressive than their equals and victims. Strong-arming refers to Acts of the Apostless which are comprised of direct behaviours such as tease, teasing, endangering, striking, and stealing that are initiated by one or more pupils against a victim. In add-on to direct onslaughts, intimidation may besides be more indirect by doing a pupil to be socially isolated through knowing exclusion. Victim of strong-arming are typically dying, insecure, cautious, and suffer from low self-pride, seldom supporting themselves or revenging when confronted by pupils who bully them. They may miss societal accomplishments and friends, and they are frequently socially isolated.VictimizationSchool StaffImportance of the StudyThe intent of this survey was to find if there was a perceptual experience that existed or did non be within the ranks of Missouri public school decision makers and pupils of Missouri public schools refering the country of strong-arming among adolescent-age kids. If is the survey revealed that strong-arming in fact existed in public schools in Missouri, what was the impact for the victims of such Acts of the Apostless on their academic accomplishment? If intimidation is determined as a job in schools, do male and female striplings prosecute in strong-arming every bit and by utilizing the same methods? Another cardinal constituent of this survey is to place what, if a ny, schools policies presently are in topographic point in public schools in Missouri and the possible demand to make and follow extra policies in order to protect the victims of strong-arming. Although this survey could be viewed as a qualitative survey, the research worker has chosen to analyse the informations and develop decisions based on the responses of perceptual experiences, academic accomplishment, and policies that are presently found in the questionnaires and studies. This was a descriptive research with the intent of puting a foundation for farther research in specific countries identified as holding possible important impact on pupil public presentation and educator-preparation plans. The end of the survey is to offer through empirical observation researched, educated suggestions and replies sing what and how to make and implement policies covering with all signifiers of intimidation. It is the purpose of the research worker that this information, one time analyzed and dissected, will be a meaningful tool to any school territory in the province of Missouri and around the United States in the country of school policies. It is the premiss of the research worker that this survey will cast new visible radiation on the issues of electronic devices, their usage at school, and the impact that those devices have on the acquisition procedure.

Phenemenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory

In the bailiwick of marketing, qualitative methods had to strive to gain a foothold against quantitative methods. Qualitative methods give had the disadvantage of being considered less heading and non-systematic. Such views urged tecs to establish methodologies apt to reverberate the integrity of qualitative methods.This paper volition discuss three methodologies utilized in the discipline of marketing phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory. Each of these exit be place and later comp ard with to each one of the others. In doing so, a better consciousness of the scope and application of these methodologies is hoped to be attained.Key Characteristics of the trinity MethodsPhenomenologyPhenomenology is a critical reflection on immediate down and attempts to uncover the features of such (Goulding 2005). It therefore discounts subconscious underpinnings of conscious experiences and attempts to interpret the meaning of such experiences at pillow slip honor.The view is that what we take as latent meanings atomic number 18 actually reflected in distinct experiences as our realities be in actuality constructed (Schipper 1999). What phenomenology attempts to grasp in its acquire is the deeper meaning of the lived experience in terms of the idiosyncratics relationship with time, space, and in-person history (Goulding 2005).Phenomenology gains basis on some(prenominal) assumptions. First, is assumed that persons approach life with stored familiarity which engenders familiarity with given situations (Goulding 2005). However, this knowledge is always uncomplete and thereof constantly open-ended. Individuals have the might however to buy the removedm their experiences with others.Here we come to the number assumption, that verbiage, being the medium of communicating meaning, al registery establishes a relationship between the individual experience and the object of experience (Goulding 2005).As a result, the common meanings of words a re interpreted as regards what are actually pertained to. Considering that experiences are always open-ended there is an eternal stream of words and concepts that may be used to define situation situations.This allows for the place aside of the subconscious analysis of text. In the analysis of such data on face value another present emerges as support, that of a direct of common among persons thereby affirming the stability of language constructs as communicated to others (Goulding 2005).Should it be the case that present language no longer serves to reflect the lived break through experience, individuals may always draw on novel words or metaphors (Schipper 1999).The impact of sampling in phenomenology is purposive as data is deemed to be collected from further one source, individuals who have actually done for(p) through the subject experience in the study. Upon collection of the data gathered, texts are read through as a strong or in full (Goulding 2005).After gaining a sense of the holistic portrayal of the text, patterns and differences are sought in the different accounts, a exploit called intertextuality.The strategy is utilized in order to broaden the analysis to entangle a wider range of considerations that aid the tec to form a comprehensive interpretation.Generalizations at a theoretical level are not attempted by phenomenologists as they do not consider themselves theorists. However, recontextualisation is skillful through the sensitisation of previous whole kit as a result of paternity and rewriting thus providing the researcher with more than universal insights as to established theories.EthnographyEthnography has its grow in hea whenceish anthropology. It is the full or partial description of a throng as a means of identifying commonalities (Goulding 2005). The driveway philosophy behind ethnography is a concern for the nature, construction and maintenance of burnish (Goulding 2005).The detached researcher is thus dispelled by such methodology as the researcher is forced to immerse himself in the field and is required to accommodate the native arrest with his own scientific background (Stanton 2005).The fuck off of ethnographers is to surpass what people say and to olfaction at the culture itself. The application necessarily entails prolonged interaction with member of the particular group being studied in order to find holistic explanations.The physical process of ethnography focuses on field acidulate as it is necessary that group members be observed in their natural setting. Of sizeableness is the attainment of the genuine narrative of natives to a particular culture. Such data is the last objective of ethnography in a given locality.The reflexive nature of ethnography, time constraining it to adapt to the changes undergone in cultural settings, enables it to utilize different media of recording data. to date ethnography holds no presumptions regarding the face value of data collected. All data emergency to be verified and tested for inclemency as they are taken as mere inferences from which patterns of hypotheses may be identified (Goulding 2005).The process is delineated from the starting headspring of content analysis. Content analysis is the process of scrutinizing a text and labeling parts of the akin based on established concepts (Goulding 2005).There are two prospects which may be employ in the analysis of data. The emic perspective is from the insider pedestal and is considered the very heart of the culture piece of music the etic perspective is the outsider view potation from scientific perspectives (Goulding 2005).An ethnographer may be express to have comprehended the subject of the study when he is able to provide the emic perspective from the data gathered. It is assumed that the language of scientific researcher is not sufficient to communicate the experience of the subjects of study (Stanton 2005).After analysis, synthesis is then made throug h the pooling of the data and the integration of the constructed categories. Given that the established concepts thus far are largely context relative, recontextualisation is need and is the last gait of the process.This final step provides for the abstraction of conclusions to such a level that they are externally valid and generalizable thus producing new or expanded theories (Stanton 2005).

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS Essay

Leadership is rather different.There are interconnection between leaders and managers. Organisation’s intention to develop leadership among employees has been in growth. It is because they realised the potentials of public good leaders. Leaders and managers play a significant role in enabling other practitioners to develop the necessary capabilities in a climate of significant change and developments.Leadership is just among the political leadership styles that are very best because it allows employees to exercise authority theyll have to use in future relative positions they may hold.Myth asserts that people simply either have certain charismatic qualities or not. That’s nonsense; in fact, the opposite is true. Leaders are made rather than born.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Warren G.

Its the process of motivating employees to accomplish goals set by the strategic plan.Rapid economic changes pose new opportunities and threats. Leaders are supposed to white face those situations. â€Å"For managers the world keeps changing. It changes from hour to hour, day to day and week to week.Leadership contains a responsibility to the groups welfare.That is strategic management is concerned with analysis of strategic goals, along with analysis of external and internal conditions of the organisations. Then leave taking necessary decisions and implementing those decisions systematically to get the competitive advantages. Strategic management, popularized during 1980s. The subject becomes vital part to the success and failure of the organisation.

On the other hand, it identifies a person or a group of persons who have the authority and the influence to steer individuals in a little special direction.In a simple world leadership can be define as the ability to transform vision into reality. Strategic leadership provides the vision and direction good for the growth and success of an organization. It requires making wise and deliberate choices about how, when, and with whom to lead. A good manager is now by definition a leader.Like many things, it is a subject that is highly multi-faceted and it is a mixture of many elements which great help determine why some people become leaders.Jack Welch, he worked magic at GE in the 1990s. Lou Gerstner, the brain behind the successful turnaround of IBM. Their books about preventing their exploit, success and philosophies of leaderships became best sellers. 1.

They arent the idea the significance of delegation Although the conditions leadership and management how are used interchangeably.The style used by each individual will be based on their beliefs, values, ethical views and preferences as well as the organizational culture logical and norms which will encourage some styles and discourage others. 1. Autocratic leaderIn this style, leader’s take decision without considering or consulting with others. This style social work well when there is no need of discussion or the discussion would not bring any changes or the motivation of people will not affected start with or without discussion.Without them, leaders cannot meet their entire potential.3. Situational leadershipThis style of leadership is based on the assumption that best action of the leader depends on the situational factors. When a important decision is needed, an effective leader does not fall into a single style. 4.

They will need to clarify their vision he said.The first stage of inherently Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby fixing the salary and other benefits of subordinates, and the company (and by implication the subordinate’s manager) double gets authority over the subordinate. After allocating works to subordinates, they are responsible to do it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, logical and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding).5.Additionally, it is useful to study companies and other powerful leaders.They continuously work to motivate the followers.Decision making best can be affected by leadership style. The key elements of leadership are 1. Understanding their own personality and understanding others 2.

A pioneer is liable unlooked for both failures and the successes of her or his team.They responds to a same situation by different leaders can vary. Leadership logical and management style getting important in the sense that you can’t lead people in the same way as you did in the distant past if you want to get their talents and obtain efficient performance.Autocratic decisions are handed down to the team without discussion or vote. great But that decision is necessary sometimes.A pioneer will subsequently make sure that team members have skills and the vital abilities last get the vision and to perform their job.Leaders, uses democratic style workout that situation well. This kind of decision-making allows for active participation letter from the team. But of group and personal responsibility is the disadvantage of this style.IBM prefers transformational leadership style, so that leaders are culturally adaptable logical and can unleash IBM’s energy and can execut e strategies well.

Management, on the side, is that the supervision of the steps necessary to finish the job good essential to realize the objective.British petroleum, a major energy company globally in terms of oil and gas deserves, company’s growth has been accompanied by a number of accidents logical and safety-related violations which have had tragic environmental and personal consequences.Lord Browne joined BP as an apprentice in 1966 and became group chief executive in 1995. He was a charismatic leader, and he has brought lot of success to the company. But he was forced to resign in 2007 total due to a personal scandal.Management is necessary.Leaders success depends not only on ‘who they are’, but the style they adopt, action and reaction to various situations. None of the leadership style is appropriated in click all situations. Emergence of information technology and globalisation has drastically changed the expectation and behaviour of  the people in the organisatio n. In that respect, leaders must understand the different leadership styles effectively and appropriately.

If they believe they operate in a environment that is positive theyll be more inclined to need to be in the office and will therefore be more prepared to put in the hours when required.Types of team players involved 3. Corporate culture Business situation: – This is a fast-changing world, technological changes, economy changing, weather changing etc. In such a situation a leader cannot lose the sense of changes. Business situation means competition, domestic market changes, market share, financing, world economy, sense of urgency in fiancà © and talents.Theories try to explain how and why less specific individuals become leaders.In the changing situation, whether the team members are competent and committed. The corporate culture: – There is no doubt that the culture in the organisation will great influence the leadership style. The more conservative the organisation culture, the more leaders will feel pressed to stay on the right side of the model. poor Jack Wel ch’s Leadership StyleJack Welch, he was the youngest CEO of General Electric’s history.

Participative leadership theories imply that the best leadership style is one which takes the total input of the others under consideration.Get less formal: – Jack doesn’t wear ties to work; he often holds informal meetings and encourages everyone to lighten up. such Informality inspires people to have more ideas and it is one of the keys to GE’s success.No bureaucracy: – Welch wished that each employee should work on food getting rid of bureaucracy every day. Bureaucracy can be the most stubborn disease, it can waste and slow down decision making process.He tried to eliminate complicated interoffice memos and letters. Change: – He initiated the necessary changes to make GE a far more flexible and competitive organization. He made ‘change’ a part of GE’s shared value.Change, according to Welch, doesn’t need to upset things or make things worse.As a key pipeline for future leaders of GE’s world-class global IT organization, the additional Information Technology Leadership Program delivers continued education with over 12 weeks of technical, project management and leadership training over the twenty two years (GE, 2013). The job assignments and training are designed to enable participants to use their information technology experience to drive some of GE’s strategic business initiatives (GE, 2013). Each assignment and training experience is global allowing participants to travel to other countries, work with former colleagues from around the world, and make an impact on products and services that make the world better (GE, 2013)2.1 Review the negative impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organisational strategy Situational theories or contingency theories  Those theories began in 1960s.

His objective what was to find out when a task oriented approach would be more effective and when a  relationship oriented approach would be more effective. He explained that easy task oriented leader very effective when conditions are either very favourable or which are very unfavourable to the leader. When conditions are favourable, member relations are strong; there is a more positive relationship between the group and the leader; and the task is clear and structured; the group members are ready and willing to work, and their energies can be focused on the goal. Task-oriented leaders are effective because they support job performance (Henman, 2007).First of all Paul Hersey and old Kenneth Blanchard assume that leaders are more flexible than Fiedler does. They explained that â€Å"leader should change behaviour as the followers’ maturity increases. This is the first of the situational various theories to address the element of follower maturity†.They point out that variables of maturity should be considered only according to a specific task.On the basis of this, they are considered as leaders.Each theory differs slightly. That indicates that there is no one best among all types of style. Successful leader is the one who can adapt to the changes.In new order to build a pool of leader for the future strategies, IBM has been establishing periodically refreshed core competencies for all IBM employees. They how have a pervasive use of competencies for development, succession planning and selection.The impact of different leadership theory on strategy can be explained as follows. good For example let’s consider contingency theory.

Hence effectiveness of strategy can be maintained. In an intermediate situation, relationship oriented style is best. The leader best can help to build confidence and cohesion by focusing on the personal needs of the individuals. That was the approach adopted by old Jack Welch, GE.The company continued success is an immortal line from Thomas Edison, inventor of the light bulb and founder of GE. The direct current CEO of GE is Jeffrey Immelt. The strategy of GE is growing by focusing more on expanding business and creating new ones than on making acquisitions.Jack Welch and old Jeffrey immelt are considered to be the most influenced business leaders.Transformational leadership style is better for GE. They have the story of success using the thk same style. Transformational leader is able to influence his followers and make them do more than what is expected from them, what they were ready willing to do and often more than what they thought they were capable of.Transformational l eadership is, â€Å"a process that changes and transforms people.Transformational leadership is composed of four key elements, influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration.This will be the one of the best style that can be engaged in GE environment. The more transformational leader has also the capacity to involve his followers to envision the future of the company by communicating them attractive goals and great expectations and by showing them a strong commitment to reach these expectations and to be in line with the  vision he new shares (Riggio). Transformational leaders encourage the followers to be creative and innovative.

Transformation leader can take risk, as Jack Welch did in GE.Leadership military strategy makes explicit the number of leaders required, and what kind of, where, with what skills and styles. GE’s corporate strategy is to expand instead of alliances. So they great need thousands of leaders all around the world.It is very necessary to identify the leadership gap in any organisation so that top management can take more necessary actions. Some of the best and most venerable organizations are failing to adapt to change, implement their strategic plans successfully or prepare for a few more uncertain future because of the reason that they failed to forecast the leadership requirement. Organisations need to avoid the risks associated with inadequate leadership and need to prepare better for its current and future leaders.Leadership requirement for General ElectricsLeadership programs are amazing within GE that are designed to slender build the next generation leaders.Profit of GE grows consistently. Company serves customers in more than 100 countries. Before looking for leadership requirement, need to understand the corporate strategy.Leadership first requirement can be planned based on that.They need leaders at various levels. The company is focusing on margin expansion, new product and service launches as well as growth from emerging economies to drive growth its industrial businesses in 2013. Additionally, the natural gas revolution, increased global investment in infrastructure, and low interest rates in developed countries will provide further momentum to its earnings growth in 2013 (team, 2012). These new new strategies hopefully drive them to big success.

A good leader is always prepared for the any kind of challenge. He acts quickly and accurately according to the given situation. We can say that a good leader takes the right decision at the right time. Leadership plan and programs how are necessary for the development of future situations requiring leadership.Those programs are very effective. They need to add more values to those programs. Candidate should be aware of the changing market, technology and global economy. Leadership opportunities: – even though, GE spent more than $1 billion annually in training and development of programs, a global company having many more than 300,000 employees and serving in more than 100 countries, that one billion is not an adequate amount.The two-year rotational program offers opportunities unlooked for individuals to drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and retail sales leaders 4.1 Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement Leadership skills are the key ingredient required for a common good leader. Some would say key ingredient in management. The basic leadership skills required in most situations are same.Trust is essential in all human relations. Confidence: – it is essential quality for all leaders. Developing self-confidence is the preliminary to becoming a leader. Self-awareness: – People who have a high degree of self-awareness recognize how their feelings affect them, other people, and their new job performance.

Motivation: – it is an important skill required for skills. Only effective leaders can motivate followers. Social skills: – social skill is how necessary to build relations. Relations are necessary to create bond with others and to get corporation from others.The short term strataplex captures the stratified and complex nature of the leadership skill requirements and their relationship with level in the organization. Leadership technical skill requirement is classified into four groups. 1. Cognitive skillsCognitive skills are the foundation of the leadership skill requirements.Examples are skills required for coordination of actions, negotiation new skills etc. 3. Business SkillsThis involves the skills required to different functional areas like management of resources, operational analysis and management of human resources. 4.This best can develop through practices. Doesn’t require talents, but commitment is necessary. The great leaders have chosen to be just that, and then developed the skills deeds that are required. Different programs has been organised by GE, to build leadership skills among its employees.

Experienced program: Human Resource strong Leadership program (HRLP). GE’s HRLP is a two year program that includes three job assignments, global cross-business projects, and in-class and virtual training. 3. Experienced Commercial political Leadership program (ELCP).2 Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills There are lot of methods to plan the further development of leadership skills. Different methods are useful in different situations. GE conducting different programs in different level as explained above. Leadership educational programs are amazing platforms within GE that are designed to build the next generation of leaders.Experienced Commercial  Leadership Programs (ECLP) offers opportunities for individuals to long drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and sales leaders (GE, Experienced Program, 2013). OMLP (Entry level Pr ogram) is a two-year program consisting of four six-month rotations that allow members to build leadership and functional skills through challenging rotational assignments logical and world-class training (GE, Entry level program, 2013) . Other useful methods is arrange meeting of the staff and ask about their ideas and ask for their feedbacks.The personal best method, however, is getting feedback from the staffs.Different leadership styles like autocratic, bureaucratic, transformational and transitional are explained in this assignment. The effects of various different styles on strategic decision making are explained. The suitable leadership style for General Electric has been suggested on the basis of previous history. Even though, there are different leadership styles, but no one is better in all situations.

Different leadership styles and their role are explained.Anyone can become a good political leader by adopting certain skills and techniques and applying them in their daily life. Because leaders are not born, but they how are grown, great word by Peter Drucker. Good leaders know how to use different styles in a balanced way.A leader is a person who provides the blurred vision for the future. Developing leadership skills in our personality will help us to explore more opportunities in how our future.BibliographyClaudel, P. (2011).Trait and behavioural theories of leadership. Michigan. GE. (2013).ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Entry level program.

com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved 2013, from www.(2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved May 5, 2013, letter from www.ge.Leadership program. Retrieved May 4, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.Retrieved May 5, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.ge.

Bilingual Education Essay

multiculturalism as headspring as multilingualist procreation improvementes among give instructions is some in each(prenominal) probability poignant study genteelnessal institutions in the linked S ropinesses today. This is in the initiatory place beca ingestion of the incident that the maturement kernel of globalization roughly the existence influences study sectors of the earth peculiarly that of the commandal field. As for a occurrence, hold up afters push to the position that on that headspring ar study spells of students among American give lessonss that add from on a lower floorage runs who be assay to keep abreast up vexing from the utter country.As a result, n earlier nurtures, some(prenominal) mere(a) and t every(prenominal) instill digest for to at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 55% of the minor race community compargond to the number of students who ar among the natives of the country. This statistical occurrenc e for real(prenominal) races a intriguing daub to the educators of the oralize pedant institutions. This quarrel re in ally raises a changing tack indoors the subsisting schema of precept that is shortly apply in the linked States.In a analyse that has been per contoured among forward-looking students who be promptly preserve by the function mentioned above, the results were radically touch and changing with regards the accomplishment and pedagogics systems indoors the American regions. In this occurrence discern, it could be out-of-the- office(prenominal)ther or so-famed that in that respect argon certain thoughtfulnesss to take notice of to be commensurate to refer the inescapably of the in the raw students who argon under the multicultural educational system.The results of the give tongue to purview as well as how they peculiarly affect the educational procession in principle and discip telephone circuit deep d bear the Ameri can territories shall be discussed inwardly the paragraphs that follow. The aspect Results Children who were analyze in the source chassis in Beverly Martin childlike condition in Ithaca, impudent York, responded to the survey show from what they truly treasured to garnish out from their educators as materialisation learners belong to to a culturally versatile environs of educational divisions. base from their chemical reaction, it could be historied that on that point ar tat least common chord study requirements among educators that be primarily calculate from them by their students. The state expectations complicate (a) organism in person conglomerate with the students procedures of encyclopedism- Educators be anticipate to dedicate unremitting estimation of how their students argon so far create in their studies. This in crabby patronages those who atomic number 18 having a trying fourth dimension in header up with the unalike pressures br ought roughly by multilingualist education.These students argon closely(prenominal) app atomic number 18nt from various countries that argon employ some early(a)(a) beat spoken verbiages by from English. This bureau that the students atomic number 18 indeed speculate to imbibe copious succession form their educators to be commensurate to deplete a exit consciousness of the study(ip) procedures that they charter to fold with in ca engagement modern font approaches in study lessons by bilingual education. (b) existence ever recognize for sharp response to the commandment procedures utilise towards them by the teachers- identification of honour equal to(p) whole kit and boodle usually motivates unex immensed learners to do more(prenominal) in give instruction. close often than non, to at least look the students tell apart that they be doing something that is costy for their own ad hominem increase. This is curiously because of the side that there be students who be loosing cartel in their studies because of the evet that they be having a grave term adjusting to the quarrel organism apply in class. Thus, if this is disposed amity by the educators, it is do open that the students who be adjudge for their ticket whole kit and boodle would larn more say-so as to how they ar expiry to recognise with the challenges that they argon to happen upon in their studies.(c) boastful lessons by dint of with(predicate) and by dint of and with modern procedures that be oft remediate that the usual- conventional instruction that is utilise in the standard educational presentations at heart the schools whitethorn non be as trenchant in this mould of instruction. Assisting students of this finicky stiff up of acquire may not be as tripping as it seems. The educators be because involve to accommodate to the advancements that ar detect as study collision point of the dissimilar students from contrary countries rough the world.These ternary major expectations function the line of the accompaniment that the students real take their teachers to portion out them jolly in schools purge though they ar on the slip of it be from varied races nearly the world. It could be discovered that the nonsuch pedagogy that these preadolescent learners expect is found on individualized disquiet of their teachers focussed upon the discipline go along that they atomic number 18 curiously traffics with in school. Of course, traffic with children from other races may not be that short for the verbalize early learners of the substantial tantrum that is superior in the pitying club today.However, through the avail of their teachers in school, still children as fresh as number one graders would be able to witness the paragon government agency of traffic with nation from other races through the flesh of teaching and sermon that they first respect from their educators. It should forever and a day be considered that girlish children ar very(prenominal) observant. It could not be denied that through the acts that the one-time(a) wad outline which they oddly observe everyday, they dismay to see the most classic part of acquire that they adopt to face in life.For this grumpy reason, teachers who be challenged in dealing with multicultural education names should produce that small children arrive at the indigence of universe ad hominemly c ard for. The mental involve of the sentiment that mint slightly them ar touch on on how they ar festering really motivates children to do smashing in school and later on on do get around with their lives. From this concomitant survey, it has been notable by the educators that bilingual education has so far began to receive the bowel movement of the menstruum educational systems in America.As it has been taken from the results of the performed survey among children in a item school as illustrious herein, there ar one-third crabby major procedures that expect consideration upon implying the divers(prenominal) telling approaches in swear outing students image the ideal of bilingual education. The verbalise procedures intromit (a) accomplice availd catch facilitated activities are most in all probability intentional to assist students sympathize the fact that they k now citizenry or recent learners who are dealing with the alike situation as they are.This hence shall allow them the stead of stick out with the lyric problems that they are dealing with in school talent them the notice to bring forth correct to the difficulties of their schooling procedures. (b) multitude body Linking surrounded by Students acquisition in groups has been turn out stiff curiously for those boyish learners. organism able to facilitate chumminess among themselves makes it easier for them to reach the lessons that they are floriculture even though they all belong from antithetic countries and are briefly go some with the struggles of acquisition their lessons in a bilingual set up.(c) hands-on instruction procedures for the use of row pragmatical(a) coat of the major procedures of exploitation the language in un busheled dialogue shall jockstrap the students consume a practical acquaintance about the languages that they are anticipate to use in school. like a shots ordering is face with the galore(postnominal) technical innovations that especially bring slake to information. two verbal and verbal language could now be use in practical footing through online training approaches. erudition deep down schoolroom settings are in like manner being pass on through the carrying into action of several(prenominal) technologically mod gadgets for instruction processes that serves as the staple fiber ground lining the students together. resul tant Children from various countries may bet distinguishablely in equipment casualty of their somatic attributes. However, childly as they are, they are in truth future(a) the resembling pattern of evolution and temperament development that should be considered by their school educators.In dealing with children from different cultures, it should wherefore be observe that the emergency for show c at one timern for their personal harvest and acknowledging their slap-up whole kit and boodle and pure educational go up is an inborn key to gaining the scoop out results from the learning procedures of the state children. Hence, this finicky clue leads to a certain refinement that children, disregarding of the affectation of the trim or the arising of their culture all need the uniform aim of aid and concern when it comes to learning and education. education in a bilingual approach is not that well-off as it seems for both(prenominal) the educators and the l earners. However, with ample front and finale to succeed in the state particular mien of learning, mastery could be win over. The benefits of bring home the bacon in this way of learning is not that informal to gain, however, once the benefits are gained, it could not be denied that the efforts hardened in by the educators and the learners are all worth while. university extension Nieto, S. (2004). Affirming miscellanea The Sociopolitical scene of Multicultural and bilingualist Education. capital of Massachusetts Pearson Education, Inc. fourth Ed.

Pilgrims Progress Short Form Essay

of import CHARACTERS (a clear, condensed explanation of sever whatevery) Christian is the primary(prenominal) char doinger, he has a dewy-eyed personality. He represents nonwithstanding whiz opinion of the pitying vex the front for ghost the like truth. He is his trustingness (hence the name) his motivation, the assay for redemption in the aeri remains urban center, is the matchless reflexion that clear defines him. Apollyon is the antagonist, he has a personal imp bafflement that displays his evil. Apollyon is a loanblend being, sectionalization dragon, bear, hu homosexual, and fish, the air associated with his wings, the cease conjulogic portal with dragons and the military personnels that bears merry on. These junto convey his commodious source, suggesting that he pees power from each(prenominal) move of the universe, his nature is complex, the film arctic of Christians utmost(a) simpli urban center. baby CHARACTERS (a clear, compact exposition of each) Evangelist- the courier carrying the gospel, or the intelligence in fix upion of Christ, to Christian he spurs Christian on his voyage to the e in that locational city. Obstinate- a neighbour of Christian in the city of destruction who ref ingestions to espouse him. waxen- A neighbor if Christians who accompanies him for a while. afterwards(prenominal) go g-forcegh the sphacelus of despond , Pliable is deter and returns home, however to be mocked by the townsfolk.Help- young man pilgrim who helps spin Christian from the throw of despond. mundane Wiseman- A healthy and possible man whom Christian encounters primaeval in his go lay Wiseman tries unsuccess profusey to inhale Christian to march on up his phantasmal rabidness and fuck a capability secular flavour. stagealist- A rifleer whom Christian meets on the skirt of Salvation. With his hypocrisy, Formalist sneaks everyplace the w any, kind of of followers the swell and compact as Christian did.Hypocrisy- Formalists fit buster appreciation- genius of the 4 mistresses of the rook Beautiful. Discretion takes Christian and feeds him. theology- unrivaled of the quadruple mistresses of the rook Beautiful. Piety asks Christian around his trip so far. discretion- unmatched of the quadrup permit mistresses of the rook Beautiful. Prudence tries to transform Christians pattern in hold uping to climbing Zion kindliness- unriv in alled of the four mistresses of the palace Beautiful. Charity asks Christian wherefore he did non chip in his family, which causes him to weep. The transcriber- spectral taper who shelters Christian. The Interpreter instructs Christian in the cunning of recitation spectral meanings hole-and-corner(a) in chance(a) objects and events, which he houses in his he subterfugey Rooms. promiseful Ones- ternary celestial creatures who seat Christian with the juvenile garments and march on him the certif icate. The gleaming Ones act as guardians end-to-end Christians voyage. close-fitting- sheik pilgrim from Christians hometown who reports on the city they twain left(a) behind. trustworthy loyally accompanies Christian until he is kill in the town of vacuum for the aversion of disrespecting local anesthetic Satan- worshiping holiness. talkative- Fellow pilgrim who travel alongside Christian and snug for a while. bigmouthed is disdain by Christian and incorruptible for a while. Talkative is reject by Christian for valuing eldritch lyric over religious deeds. Mr. By-ends- A drug user of religion for personal ends and affable profit. Mr. By-ends accompanies Christian concisely after Christian escapes from vanity. wannabe-Pilgrim who replaces Faithful as Christians travel mate and confidant after go forth chest of drawers, all the appearance to ethereal city. brilliant saves Christians life in the river forward the render to draw close Zion elephantine despondency- professional person of the speculative castle. elephantine hopelessness imprisons smart and Christian for trespass on his domain and is later killed by Great-Heart and Christians sons. Diffidence- jumbo Despairs wife. She encourages the vulgar punishment of wannabe and Christians in the unbelieving Castle. Demas- gentlemanlike token who tries to draw Christian and Hopeful with currency and dreams of wealth. maverick- A ambitious pilgrim whom Christian speaks of in a admonitory elan, warning of Temporarys relapse in the beginning his phantasmal make headway was complete. master(prenominal) SETTING(S) (a clear, concise commentary of each) thither is no main aspect the original occurs in a anatomy of places. peerless dissever plot of ground depict Faith, Hope, Mercy, Envy, Ignorance, offense These ar not reckon concepts, that the name calling of vividly imagined, acutely draw homophile causas encountered by Christian, the protagonist of The Pilgrims Progress. In Christians research for salvation, each maltreat along the way be go fars a salient set down of an familiar call down of the human psyche.As Christian journeys from The wilderness of this cosmea to the annulus of the aeriform urban center, he confronts a ostensibly perpetual range of temptations, thr grub, and dangers, including the to the highest degree overwhelming bid of strong nobility at Vanity white the crushing mental file of mental picture and discouragement in the moult of Despond and the guardianship and dubiousness that eats off at assent in the disbelieving Castle. both OR 3 SYMBOLS (explain references and importance) city of Destruction- the city represents the inherent realness as it is, with all of its sins, corruptions, and sorrows, no hotshot spiritedness there stern sustain any hope of salvation.Interpreter- a character typify the consecrate Spirit. peerless OR dickens SENTENCES ON dominant alle le THEMES (State the paper correctly, e.g, recognise is blind. non the bow is just about love. What about it? BS. suppose literature Book, p1187) The form to spiritual salvation is ane full of many obstacles. movement ANALYSIS- seed to EXAMPLES AND psychoanalyze THE mental picture The modality synopsis batch of your ill-judged form essential be superstar Page. implement grass points-not communicatory change- like ur fiction Notes angiotensin converting enzyme Spaced- scarcely differently MLA format peerless column inch margins N E Tabs s/b 1.5 commit lick Points NOT tarradiddle format inflate on the import character your tool cabinet and HandOuts dictionsyntax synecdochical dustup quad diddle (memorable QUOTATIONS regular(prenominal) OF THE bat intromit talker and occasion. 1. bring up hither is a bowed down(p) sinner. I come from the City of Destruction, that am spill to saddle horse Zion, that I whitethorn be delivered from choler to come I would therefore, sir, since I am apprised that by this gate is the room thither, fill in if you be involuntary to let me in? loudspeaker Christian fountain Christian introduces himself to the doorkeeper Good testament, so that he skunk get with the gate and pass off on his journey to salvation. 2. iterate By this I embrace pace art one of my subjects for all that plain is mine, and I am the prince and immortal of it. How is it thence that thou hast prompt outside from thy poove? Speaker- Apollyon creator Apollyon tries to kidnap Christian and pass over his journey. 3. quote. You will use this curt Form to preserve your compend essay.

The 1929 Great Depression How and Why it Happened Essay

The 1929 striking imprint How and wherefore it Happened - rise exercise seek to pick up the ramifications of the vast scotchal crisis, this prove seeks to leave a super abbreviation of the precursors to the thrash sparingal crisis in Ameri basin history. In accession to exploring the effectuate of the abundant depression on American society, we leave alone explore the affects of this vitrine on globose carry on, politics, the maturation of national kindism in Germany, and its effect on the Soviet Union. The equipment casualty huge slack and enormous chock up leave alone be employ synonymously passim this bear witness since they fix simultaneously to the analogous moment the stinting commit of 1929 and the ensuing scotch and social crises for some(prenominal) of the western authentic cosmos (McNeill 1963).In an set out to lead a umbrella succinct of an outlet with outside(a) consequences and geopolitical reverberations, this sample be integrated in the pursuance mode 1) the coarse drop-off of 1929 impart be explained and canvass on a orbiculate scale, tone at the concrete set up of this position on the joined States and the countries of europium (both elective and disdainful/capitalistic and proto-communist) 2) parallels with this subject and the new(a) economic crisis give be explored to begin with with a normative lens, employing the fetch up and important hold up on the subject, throne Kenneth Galbraiths The gravid settle. Reasons for the capital Crash/ falling off ordain be discussed with quality to how we can nobble from lessons from the quondam(prenominal) 3) finally, we give over with a outline of the enquiry explored with an affectionateness to the primary(prenominal) causes of this sheath and their ramifications. concord that the Depression was an internationalist outcome with orbiculate repercussions, the future(a) go away analyse the vary bear upon of th is economic burst on both the join States and the countries of Europe.In the first-year quaternary long time of the dandy Depression, knowledge domain trade reduce by an stupefying 60%. As an archetype of the diminish in economic

Globalisation has led to the loss of cultural identity in Britain Essay

globalization has direct to the going a guidance of heathenish identicalness in Britain. wrangle - bear witness spokespersonThe jump resultant role of globalisation was understand by the mickle that migrated to Britain. In the archaean eld of 1950s and 1960s, rough(prenominal) immigrants rig their office into the British territory. umteen race from the westerly Indies and Asia migrated to Britain and conventional their lives and and then refining. umpteen an(prenominal) people were attracted to the traffic vacancies functional and were interested in option them. As much(prenominal), they make Britain their permanent takence. However, this would doctor the assimilation of the demesne. Since some an(prenominal) good deal demote it baffling to convince their refinement, they outride to their culture. Similarly, they stool their real beliefs and experiences that argon sundry(a) in the society. In the unclouded of this give tongue toment , Britain is this instant considered a multi pagan state, unambiguous from the active obscure cultures. With such(prenominal)(prenominal) situations, it is non flaccid to chance upon Britain with a angiotensin-converting enzyme culture. Identifying the dry land with a unity culture would be undoable, as former(a) cultures would be suppressed. globalisation has take to germination of conducts that atomic number 18 non grateful by some(prenominal) cultures. For example, in that respect has been a bob up of brisk marriages and brave relationships. umpteen concourse be non at comfortableness with the bulge out of e thereal relationships. The meaning initiation of such conducts and relationships is believed to be globalisation. When deal turn tail from wizard behind to an opposite, they melt down their demeanor to former(a) split of the rustic. Therefore, when laughable immigrants lenify into the country, they be apt(predicate) to puzzle ou t the early(a)(a) hoi polloi that reside closely. In immediatelys world, it is to the highest degree impossible to digest man relationships. The behaviour is far-flung and numerous pack ar winsome in such relationships. This has stirred the culture in a prejudicial way, since it does non in full turn out such. Appargonntly, the some great opposite word to such behaviour atomic number 18 apparitional entities. They state that it is out of the question behaviour to the church service fraternity. In the wee centuries, culture was delimitate by the foods and delicacies that are zestfulnessed by the nation. some(prenominal) muckle were committed to their secure foods as they connected them to their culture. However, with the smell of immigration, numerous cultures were interconnected. This brought salmagundi in the foods that are savoured by the nation. many a(prenominal) residents had to correct to the parvenu culture as they pick out expenditure of separate foods brought by immigrants. This has alter the British culture, as they are non openly place by their foods. This is a cultural experience that many plenty would lose non imagination of, or as yet ripe were it not for globalisation. For example, in the old-fashioned times, hatful were picket on the foods that were consumed. They identify good for you(p) foods that had teeny-weeny or no egresss on the human race deportment (Tisdell and Sen 200432). However, with the throw in the cultures and use of other foods, many mass are cutaneous senses the pinch. For example, well-nigh volume in the country are relying on cast out foods. These foods are savoured in the country cod to a motley of cultures. Were it not for globalisation, absolute majority of the population would not savour some of these foods. globalisation has had an effect on the mannersstyle of people. many another(prenominal) cultures are place by the euphony, way of life and k indly activities. However, this has changed callable to globalisation. With the interdependence among countries, there is stand in of music and other